Role of Merger and Acquisition

Question: Compose an exposition on Role of Merger and Acquisition in Singapore. Answer: Presentation The reason for this exposition paper is to exhume the greatest promoting updates on 2015 in Singapore. As per the statistical surveying, it has been resolved that the merger and procurement has gotten one of the most critical approaches to improve the state of the organization (PwC, 2016). In the serious universe of business, there are numerous worldwide organizations doing same business, merger or obtaining causes the organization to decrease the quantity of contenders and increment the administration quality. In the financial plan of Singapore 2010, mergers and acquisitions (MA) plans are acquainted with upgrade the administration quality, client devotion in Singapore so the associations can ready to build the ability of the business through these two procedures. The mergers and acquisitions plans are re-presented in 2015 and 2016 once more. Primary Body of Analysis: Job of Merger and Acquisition in Singapore: The estimation of Merger and Acquisition has multiplied in 2015, from the most confided in channel of Asia, it tends to be comprehended that mergers and Acquisitions help Singapore to hop up to US$101.2 from US$50.7 billion. In a range of only 1 year, the worth has multiplied. It is one of the effective consolidating so far in the realm of economy (Garg, 2013). Prior to diving deep into the investigation, it is important to comprehend the job of Merger and Acquisition in the development of the association. Other than securing, mergers can be occurred in different structures, for example, buying of advantages, trade of offer with resources, buy regular offer and trade share for shares (https://www.accaglobal.com, 2016). There is Merger Efficiency hypothesis, which is portraying the job of Mergers and Acquisitions. With the assistance of these speculations, Merger and Acquisitions can be comprehended. There are a few speculations on this like Differential Efficiency Theory Wasteful Management Theory Collaboration (Channel News Asia, 2016) Unadulterated Diversification Vital realignment for Changing Environment and Undervaluation Among the few different hypotheses, two driving speculations are Disciplinary and Synergistic Merger Motives. Strage, (2010) expressed that Disciplinary mergers hypothesis is proposing that MA target such directors of firms, whose theme is plainly determined by the goals not by the benefit boost (Strage, 2010). From the statistical surveying, What-when-how.com, (2016) delineated that mergers in Singapore are presented by some particular destinations like here administrators don't just concentrate on benefit expansion yet in addition focus on the benefit augmentation. Then again, Ahmad (2015) opined that Synergistic Merger Theory is inverse, in which firm troughs are attempting to accomplish the presentation by consolidating the business with target. From the above outline, the noteworthy MA can be removed. Effect of the takeover available of Singapore This takeover has noteworthy effect on the development of the whole country. The positive effects of the merger and securing of the organizations on the investor will be portrayed. Quality: Service nature of Singapore carrier industry can be improved through this effective takeover. Obtaining assists with improving the administration characteristics well as the profitability of the association (Reed and Lajoux, 2011). With the fruitful takeover, the association can ready to improve the presentation of the association. Indeed, even the administering collection of Singapore is indicating enthusiasm for this securing procedure. Cost: At the hour of procurement, parent organization or Giant Company needs to pay an entirety of cash and later this takeover assists with diminishing the expense of the organization identified with administration (PwC, 2016). Because of the amalgamation, the organization can diminish the operational expense of the organization and later this expense can be actualized in the government assistance of the travel industry. With the assistance of the takeover, the administration of the association can ready to offer better quality support to end clients in low value (McManus and Hergert, 2012). Clients: Service clients are the prime partner of each association. Organizations should pass judgment on the buying conduct of the clients and request of the clients. In view of the two variables, clients administration can be designated to the clients. This takeover empowers the clients to benefit better assistance in low value (Iras.gov.sg, 2016). Frequently it is seen that the clients are griping about the short takes however now with the combination of short take circumstance can be settled. They will get best assistance from that mammoth organization. Contenders: Competitors are another noteworthy part of each organization. This obtaining encourages the clients of the association to benefit better assistance without spending a lot. It is a presenting danger for other carrier industry of same and various nations (Scribd, 2016). The carrier business is brimming with contenders however because of this securing, at any rate one contender is wiped out. Obtaining may permit different contenders to organize with the cost increments. Negative Impacts of this takeover Aside from the positive factors, this takeover accompanies a few negative viewpoints moreover. Move of intensity can be the serious issue in future (Maji, 2013). Little organizations can ready to take own choice yet at the same time the force shifts starting with one hand then onto the next and this can influence the hierarchical structure. Hierarchical structure and culture can likewise be influenced because of this. The organization, which has combined requirements to get noteworthy changes culture and structure of the association; else, it is unthinkable for the association to support their position (Singapore Business Review, 2016). Workers are the key partner of the organization and takeover can influence their presentation. This expansion the inclination of exchanging organizations, the board ought to give them preparing to hold them in the association. Investor is the significant issue of the organization, because of takeover, frequently it is seen that investor looses all their confidence on the organization (PwC, 2016). At that point, combining incredible organizations have taken over less ground-breaking organizations so the representatives or investor may accept that the monetary situation of the less ground-breaking organization isn't all around ok so they attempt to look through new organizations (Bessembinder and Zhang, 2014). Then again, procurement may have negative effect on the administration level. Procurement can be very confounding regarding lost relationship with the current esteemed clients, transmission of deals positions and commission rate (Garg, 2013). Suggestion From the examination of the paper, it very well may be resolved that the consolidating and procurement has critical effect on the development of the market as it assists with expanding the development of whole industry. Alongside that the whole investor are profited because of this choice. In the event that it decided from the advertising perspective, it has been seen that it is the best choice in the Singapore up until now. This takeover assists with improving the economy of the nation. End From the above conversation, it tends to be presumed that Mergers and Acquisitions are the significant benefit for each organization just as for country. With the fruitful takeover of the little organizations by huge organizations has huge effect on the development of the Singapore Business. With this effective development, the administering group of Singapore can ready to build their GDP (Ahmad, 2015). To maintain the business tasks easily, it is essential for the administration of the association to follow the assets and exercises of the association and afterward apply the methodologies in the authoritative procedure (https://www.accaglobal.com, 2016). The extent of the promoting is relying upon the size and enormous organization is consistently at the beneficial situation as far as Mergers and Acquisitions, so the advertising trough should take the choices adequately. References Ahmad, A. (2015). Corporate Governance in Banks Undergoing Merger and Acquisition. SSRN Electronic Journal. Bessembinder, H. furthermore, Zhang, F. (2014). Eruption to Merger and Acquisition Announcements. SSRN Electronic Journal. Channel NewsAsia. (2016). Mama bargains in Singapore practically twofold in 2015. [online] Available at: https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/business/m-a-bargains in-singapore/2335556.html [Accessed 6 Jun. 2016]. Garg, S. (2013). Merger and securing ppt. [online] Slideshare.net. Accessible at: https://www.slideshare.net/SwatiGarg2/merger-and-securing ppt [Accessed 6 Jun. 2016]. https://www.accaglobal.com, A. (2016). Mergers and acquisitions in Singapore | ACCA Global. [online] Accaglobal.com. Accessible at: https://www.accaglobal.com/in/en/part/bookkeeping business/experiences/mama singapore.html [Accessed 6 Jun. 2016]. Iras.gov.sg. (2016). Mergers and Acquisitions Allowance - IRAS. [online] Available at: https://www.iras.gov.sg/irashome/Businesses/Companies/Working-out-Corporate-Income-Taxes/Claiming-Allowances/Mergers-and-Acquisitions-Allowance/[Accessed 6 Jun. 2016]. Maji, M. (2013). Merger and Acquisition in Information Technology Sector. SSRN Electronic Journal. McManus, M. what's more, Hergert, M. (2012). Enduring merger and obtaining. Glenview, Ill.: Scott, Foresman. PwC. (2016). Empowering development and internationalization. [online] Available at: https://www.pwc.com/sg/en/singapore-spending plan 2015/bc01-03.html [Accessed 6 Jun. 2016]. PwC. (2016). Mergers and Acquisitions. [online] Available at: https://www.pwc.com/sg/en/bargains/mergers-acquisitions.html [Accessed 6 Jun. 2016]. Reed, S. what's more, Lajoux, A. (2011). The specialty of M A. New York: McGraw-Hill. Scribd. (2016). Speculations of Mergers. [online] Available at: https://www.scribd.com/doc/22679793/Theories-of-Mergers [Accessed 6 Jun. 2016]. Singapore Business Review. (2016). Year in survey: Here are the ten greatest mergers and acquisitions in Singapore for 2014. [online] Available at: https://sbr.com.sg/business property/in-center/year-in-audit here-are-ten-greatest mergers-and-acquisitions

Case Study Of Adidas Management Essay

Contextual analysis Of Adidas Management Essay Adidas is a Germany shoe, garments and clothing organization that likewise own Reebok, Taylor Made and Rockport. Adidas is the biggest sportswear organization in Europe and is the second just to Nike as the biggest sportswear organization on the planet. The organization sports the conspicuous logo of three inclined equal bars of rising stature. Adidas was established in 1924 by Adolf Dassler, however it didn't turn into a completely enlisted organization until 1940. Its base camp are situated in Herzogenaurach, Germany, the old neighborhood of its author. Albeit many accept that Adidas represents All day I long for soccer the genuine inception of the name originates from the amalgamation of Adolfs moniker, Adi, and the initial three letter of his last name. Adidas spends significant time in the structure and assembling of footwear, sportswear, athletic gear and, indeed, even toiletries, most outstandingly, antiperspirant. Nonetheless, the organization initially increased universal acknowledgment in 1936 at the Summer Olympic in Berlin, where it furnished U.S. track star Jesse Owens with its track shoes. Owens won four gold decorations in the games. With an explicitly expressed Corporate Strategy, the organization needs to guarantee that their authoritative structure will consider and be adaptable to this procedure being looked for after. Their destinations sketched out in the corporate technique guarantee the statement of purpose will convert without hesitation, while additionally managing and planning choices. There is no reason in having very much idea out key goals, yet no structure and union to achieve these destinations. The Adidas Group involves a four man official board, including one Chief Executive Officer and three board individuals speaking to the investors and six individuals speaking to the staff. The Supervisory Board advices and directs the official board in issue concerning the administration of the organization. It is the job of the administrative board to guarantee that the pathway and vision decide by the official board is directly trailed by the remainder of the association from the top, right down to those depended with assembling their items. The qualities of ADIDAS are solid supervisory crew and great corporate technique in North American and abroad markets, brand acknowledgment and notoriety, assorted variety and assortment in creations offered on the web (footwear, clothing, donning, gear, and so forth.), solid power over its own dissemination channel, solid client base, and solid money related situation with negligible long haul obligations. Shortcoming of ADIDAS is negative picture depicted by poor working condition in its abroad production lines, and E-business is constrained to USA. 2.0 Management Association and the administration exercises vital for the working of the association, the executives can be characterized as the way toward arranging, sorting out, driving and controlling the assets of the association to foreordained expressed hierarchical objectives as profitably as could be expected under the circumstances. A compact portrayal of every one of the key administration capacities will additionally clarify the idea of the executives and the idea of the administration procedure. Arranging Controlling Driving Arranging Assets Human Budgetary Physical Data Execution Accomplish objectives Items Administrations Profitability Benefit Figure 1 the four central administration capacities establishing the administration procedure. 2.1 Planning Arranging is the initial step of the capacity of the board. Arranging includes choosing ahead of time what must be done, when, how and whom it must be done and how the outcomes are to be assessed. The capacity of what must be done includes ID of choices and determination of one of them. As indicated by Henri Fayol, it is the strategy to be followed, the phases to experience and strategies to utilize. It is sorts of future picture wherein proximate occasions are sketched out with some uniqueness whist remote occasions show up continuously less particular. The term arranging has been characterized by various administration scholars who laid accentuation on the different highlights of arranging. As per George R. Terry, arranging is the choosing and relating of realities and the creation and utilizing of presumptions with respect to the future in the perception and definition of proposed exercises accepted important to accomplish the ideal outcomes. An arrangement resembles a guide, when you following an arrangement, you can generally perceive the amount you have advanced towards your venture objective and how far you are from your goal. Knowing where you are is fundamental for using sound judgment on where to go or what to do straightaway. The most significant is to guarantee that everybody is away from what to achieve. Arranging significance is the means by which defining objectives and characterizing the activities important to accomplish the objectives, considering the circumstance. That is circumstance must be investigations or comprehended and the proper objectives and activities must be resolved so as to make the most of chances and how to take care of issues. Essential administration work including definition more than one itemized plans to accomplish ideal parity of necessities or requests with accessible assets. To start with, the arranging procedure is distinguishes the objectives or goals to be accomplished and defines systems to accomplish them. The Managers all through the association must create objectives, procedure, and operational designs for their work bunches that add to the achievement of the associations all in all. Arranging is additionally essential for addressing your necessities during each activity with your time, cash, or different assets. With cautious arranging you regularly can check whether sooner or later you are probably going to confront an issue. It is a lot simpler to change your arrangement to stay away from conquer emergency, as opposed to manage the emergency when it comes sudden time. Model Adidas plans to grow their tasks in Europe, so they need discussion to the Government of Germany. They have been conceded landing rights in Paris and are anticipating further subtleties from specialists. What's more, arranging has an alternate importance relying upon the pol itical or financial setting where it is utilized. Two mentalities to arranging should be held in pressure from one viewpoint we should be plan for what may lie ahead, which may mean possibilities and adaptable procedures. There is one thing on which each director can hope to be evaluated, the degree to which the individual in question chronicles their units objectives or destinations. Regardless of whether its a work group or a goliath undertaking, the supervisor in control is relied upon to push the unit forward, and this implies imagining where the unit must go and helping het there. Association ways out to accomplish some reason, and on the off chance that they neglect to push ahead and accomplish their points, to that degree they have fizzled. Then again, our future is formed by outcomes of our own arranging and activities. Arranging in association and open strategy is both the hierarchical procedure of making and keeping up a program. In the mental procedure of considering the exercises required to set an ideal objective or objective on some scale. Business arranging resembles water to a parched plant. It keeps our business indispensable and flourishing. Without business arranging, business will never improve as it could may even lose or bankrupt. Numerous independent company or slow down proprietors dont have the business arranging so they cannot gain so much benefit when their working together. Their business incapable further advancement and stale it is, in the long run as to near close shop or behind different contenders. The quick of progress in todays business world and globalization is making it progressively essential that troughs keep their arrangements current. Key administration is the use of the essential arranging process at the most significant levels of the association. Through the vital administration process, top administration decides the since quite a while ago show bearing and execution of the association to guaranteeing cautious plan and procedures. For instance, top administration may approach center and lower-level chiefs for inputs when detailing top-level plans. When top-level plans have been finished, diverse hierarchical units might be approached to define plans for their individual territories. An appropriate key administration process guarantees that plans all through the various degrees of the association are facilitated and commonly strong. The motto of Adidas is Impossible is Nothing. The mission of Adidas is to be Best Sport Brand on the planet. They had accomplished the mission yet in this solid serious period, too many organization like Nike and Reebok likewise need to be comprehensively perceived brand, yet they will make a solid effort to accomplish their objectives. Adidas is energetic pretty much all games. So Adidas Company will attempt their best for arranging new item or gear for competitors. As a major aspect of their End-to-End Planning activity they have been concentrating on executing an enhanced interest arranging procedure and framework in excess of 20 nations in Europe. They normalized or incompletely computerized certain arranging capacities to build conjecture exactness. Following the primary influx of usage in 2008, they proceeded with the turn out to the staying European nations all through 2009. In the future, they hope to proceed with the turn out to other key Adidas Group markets, for example, J apan. They set up a committed Profitability Management division to screen macroeconomics patterns, conjecture the effect on item and provider cost and devises their flexibly chain benefit procedure. Furthermore, their improvement groups additionally contribute fundamentally to this activity by designing their items with a more grounded center around cost. All through 2009, they additionally drew in their provider with the plan to build straightforwardness and consistency in costing. For example, they firmly followed crude material expenses and utilized this data to merge volumes. This permitted them to haggle all the more successfully and counterbalance cost increment. What's more, their sourcing groups improved their items distribution procedure to more readily use providers top

Business As Usual

Business As Usual Its been business as usual for me here at MIT, following the routine of classes, work, and free time. We got a four-day weekend for Columbus Day, and I took full advantage, with an overnight train trip along West Virginias scenic New River. And now its starting to get cold here in Cambridge, which means snow isnt too far ahead. Since there isnt anything especially noteworthy going on right now, lets just have a look at whats on my camera. I stepped out of my room the other day and had to traverse a couple of construction projects in front of my door, which happens fairly often. We try not to walk barefoot on the splinters and shards, but it is occasionally a problem. One guy is drilling holes in a glass sign he made (piece of glass cut and etched with some waterjet machine at the Media Lab), and the other is building a tricycle thing (allowing for different levels of recline) for a Mechanical Engineering class. This is what happens when you dont clean up all of the wood shavings. Every Friday at East Campus, one of the ten floors hosts a food event in the dorms Talbot Lounge. Theyre called FACs, for Friday Afternoon Clubs. Last Friday was Tetazoos turn the Zombie FAC, complete with livers, tongues, hearts, and rice cakes that looked like eyeballs. Some of the more obscure organs on offer didnt prove too popular, unfortunately. A revolting movie was also played on the big screen, but screen shots from that arent fit for print. ;) Last weekend, we had an impromptu steel ring rolling competition among a few hall members, complete with improvised ramp assembly. The thing was small but heavy and had a tendency to bounce and hit things, leaving dents and injuring toes. Post Tagged #East Campus

Business As Usual

Business As Usual Its been business as usual for me here at MIT, following the routine of classes, work, and free time. We got a four-day weekend for Columbus Day, and I took full advantage, with an overnight train trip along West Virginias scenic New River. And now its starting to get cold here in Cambridge, which means snow isnt too far ahead. Since there isnt anything especially noteworthy going on right now, lets just have a look at whats on my camera. I stepped out of my room the other day and had to traverse a couple of construction projects in front of my door, which happens fairly often. We try not to walk barefoot on the splinters and shards, but it is occasionally a problem. One guy is drilling holes in a glass sign he made (piece of glass cut and etched with some waterjet machine at the Media Lab), and the other is building a tricycle thing (allowing for different levels of recline) for a Mechanical Engineering class. This is what happens when you dont clean up all of the wood shavings. Every Friday at East Campus, one of the ten floors hosts a food event in the dorms Talbot Lounge. Theyre called FACs, for Friday Afternoon Clubs. Last Friday was Tetazoos turn the Zombie FAC, complete with livers, tongues, hearts, and rice cakes that looked like eyeballs. Some of the more obscure organs on offer didnt prove too popular, unfortunately. A revolting movie was also played on the big screen, but screen shots from that arent fit for print. ;) Last weekend, we had an impromptu steel ring rolling competition among a few hall members, complete with improvised ramp assembly. The thing was small but heavy and had a tendency to bounce and hit things, leaving dents and injuring toes. Post Tagged #East Campus

Oppression Essay - 1908 Words

Oppression signifies an authority over another group, disengaging that particular group from the rest of society. â€Å"The term oppression encapsulates the fusion of institutional and systemic discrimination, personal bias, bigotry, and social prejudice in a complex web of relationships and structures that shade most aspects of life in our society† (Bell, 1997). In one way or another every individual experiences some form of oppression, whether it be through race, sex, gender, religion, age, wealth and/or sexual orientation. These cultural minorities experience inequality where a dominant culture casts its authority and power through exercises of unjust and cruel methods; these methods have been experienced through the Women’s Movement, the†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"A great achievement of women’s movements worldwide has been their success in ‘breaking the silence’ about male violence against women in intimate relationships† (Vickers , 2002). Having broken the silence of violence it has also broken the silence of oppression. The ongoing battle(s) of women’s rights suggests that the silence of oppression is of the past and the future holds equality for all alike. â€Å"†¦power is the capacity to terrorize, to use self and strength to inculcate fear, fear in a whole class of persons† (Dworkin, 1981). Male dominance exhibits and practices fear toward those of different classes, its use is to gain power to which control is given. â€Å"In the male system, sex is the penis, the penis is sexual power, its use in fucking is manhood† (Dworkin, 1981). The male mind indicates that without a penis an authority of power is dismissed and overlooked. Unfortunate for society today male hierarchy continues to be the dominant practice and the penis is a visual and vital form of power. â€Å"Male sexual power is the substance of culture† (Dworkin, 1981). Although women have come a long way their o ppression and limited amount of power in society has yet to be broken and adjusted because of this visual of the male penis extracting power in society. With the Women’s Movement challenging women’s rights it did however omit African American women from the process. The Civil RightsShow MoreRelatedThe Oppression Of Women1923 Words   |  8 Pages(Beauvoir 201). In addition, men’s domination over women, places women in a state of dependence. Women are largely reliant on men for economic necessities and security. However, women’s reliance on men, leaves them vulnerable to male’s oppression on them. Male oppression places a significant burden on women yet, men do not need to take responsibility or place any concern to the fact of how oppressive their superiority is on women because it is â€Å"intended by nature† (Beauvoir 161). Nature endows men withRead MoreOppression Of Women764 Words   |  4 PagesOppression of Women Oppression is when a person is controlled or subjected to unfair treatment by a person or group who they believe have authority. Those who are the oppressors have privilege and uses is to influence to keep themselves as dominant at any necessary cost. The oppressed groups are at disadvantage since they are deprived of benefits and rights. A successful life is not achieved by many. Women are oppressed every day in their household, because their race, religion, sexual preferenceRead MoreInternalized Oppression Reflection1141 Words   |  5 PagesInternalized Oppression Since I was a child, I always knew about social class, especially when my mother would use food stamps to purchase food at the store and the dirty looks we would get. Reflecting on my background and how I have put myself down over the year because I thought I was low class or didn t make enough money to go to certain restaurants really is something eye opening. I would oppress myself in so many ways, it was unbelievable, and it just isn t a problem that I alone am sufferingRead MoreOppression Of The United States868 Words   |  4 Pages In this course we learned about many different types of oppression, from the time America was first â€Å"discovered† and the discoverers began oppressing the Indians, to slavery, to the oppression of the mentally handicapped, all the way to more â€Å"modern† times in schools were students are being oppressed. When the Europeans and Spaniards first â€Å"discovered† North America all was well. The Indians at first were truly intrigued with the white man as the brought all sorts of new stuff to trade. MatterRead MoreThe Causes And Traits Of Oppression1614 Words   |  7 Pagesand traits of oppression in America. Dynamics such as the social, historical, and psychological systems that serve as vessels of oppression will be addressed. Using academic research, the goal for this essay will be to discuss the characteristics of oppression and how those characteristics are connected to its origin. The research will develop major themes that will serve to define agents, including classism, discrimination, and the intersectionality of different types of oppression. Discussions onRead MoreDealing with Oppression in Life856 Words   |  3 PagesOppression is a matter that many people have to face daily while others are unaware of its existence. The definition of oppression by the Webster Merr iam dictionary is the unjust or cruel act of authority or power. In other works is the unjustified mistreatment of a group of people by the majority in society. This is the type of treatment that many people faced when discriminated, many times the person is exposed to cruel treatment and abused based on their color, nationality, gender orientationRead MoreThe Interpretation Of Oppression By Marilyn Frye1592 Words   |  7 PagesThe Interpretation of Oppression Women and men are born equal. However, females are receiving unequal judgement and unfair treatment in the society, and thus Marilyn Frye brings up the notion of â€Å"oppression†, claiming that women are oppressed. Throughout the essay, I will first give the definition of Frye’s oppression and then list 5 critical qualifications to be considered oppressed. After that, I will explain my appreciation on Frye’s perspective on elaborating oppression using the â€Å"bird cage†Read MoreAnalysis Of The Article Simultaneity Of Oppression 1364 Words   |  6 PagesMidterm Response Discuss and critically analyze the â€Å"simultaneity of oppression† if one group is oppressed, can anybody be free? In the schematic hierarchy of race and sex, is the dominant group â€Å"free,† at the expense of the oppressed groups, or unfree, even if materially empowered? Does it make sense to argue that â€Å"white women† are freer, or less free, than â€Å"black men†? The concept of the â€Å"simultaneity of oppression† is relatively unknown, even within today’s modern society. While there are surelyRead MoreSandra Bartky On Psychological Oppression1575 Words   |  7 Pagesindividuals and society. However, they have failed to eliminate the barriers individuals and groups face even today. By oppression, I mean, a set of forces and obstacles that are systematically related to one another, that work to restrict and restraint, and as a result prevent one’s mobility (Frye 85). One theorist, Sandra Bartky, offered her ideas in On Psychological Oppression. She argued that one can be psychologically oppressed by their thoughts and lack of self-esteem due to institutionalizedRead MoreRacial Oppression And Racial Discrimination997 Words   |  4 Pagesto ignore it. Racial oppression is a direct consequence of a superior race. Racial oppression is the act of power that causes the state of being to feel heavily exploited. There are two types of racial oppression that are not commonly well known of, institutionalized and internalized. Institutionalized oppression is expressed when a group of people based on their race has a different chance of obtaining goods, services, and societal opportunities. Internalized racial oppression is multi-situational

We Have No Right For Happiness - 1167 Words

Gabriel Esparza English 300 Professor Marks March 8, 2016 We Have No Right To Happiness In C.S Lewis essay, â€Å" We Have No Right To Happiness, he argues that we the people within the world don’t have the right to happiness. In my right being who can accuse such a thing. Everyone has the right to be happy in my opinion. Perhaps look for instance even our Declaration of Independence says â€Å" We have the right to pursue happiness.† I find it somewhat fascinated and yet nothing has changed in our culture since such as author C.S Lewis has wrote this short essay. I truly believe that people know how to be happy and express it, but perhaps they just assume on having a good reason to not be satisfied with their daily lives. I nessaccly feel†¦show more content†¦Unlike C.S Lewis example of Mr. A deserting his wife and family, for Mrs. B as doing the same leaving her crippled veteran husband for Mr. A seeking a happier life, never did I picture my parents doing such a thing. As for personal life, my father sticked with my mother till the very as s he was diagnosed with cancer. Don’t intended to be a downer but isn’t true marriage till the end if im not wrong. Lewis quotes â€Å" When two people achieve lasting happiness, this is not solely because they are great lovers but because they are also I must put it crudely good people.† Having reading such a passage I consider my father â€Å"good people† sticking his morals and what s right, on not abandoning his family even as widow at end of it, as unlike C.S Lewis example of Mr. A who broke moral laws. But, again who am I too say, about marriage, as I never once was. Moreover a second reason, why I give inn on disagreeing are the mentions and ideas of â€Å"sexual impulses†. Lewis addresses his meaning to such happniess through sexaul impluse. He proclaims â€Å" happiness is really only sexual happiness†, in my right being what is he trying to say? Clare one’s character in Lewis essay, speaks on her behalf only using happiness when describing sexual happiness. Clare tends to speaks, in support of the desire of sex to encounter such happiness. Providing such statements â€Å"that not to promote alcoholismShow MoreRelatedEssay on Review We Have No Right to Happiness713 Words   |  3 PagesReview on We have No â€Å"Right to Happiness† By: C.S. Lewis In class we read three different essays including ‘The Dying family’ by J.H. Plumb,’ Does Fatherhood Make You Happy?’ By Daniel Gilbert, and ‘We Have No Right to Happiness’ by C.S. Lewis. Though the purpose of these essays can be very controversial to some, after reviewing all three essays I have picked my favorite, or the one I agree with and disagree with most. ‘We have no Right to Happiness’ makes a very good argument on the pointRead MoreAnalyzing CS Lewis We Have No Right to Happiness and Henrik Ibsens A Dolls House648 Words   |  3 Pages 1. In We have no Right to Happiness CS. 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People usually say, â€Å"I’ll be happy whenâ € ¦.† Individuals are picking and choosing when to be happy. We are so fortunate toRead MoreThe Ones Who Walk Away From Omelas By Ursula Leguin1693 Words   |  7 Pagessociety in Omelas is able to ensure happiness and perfect lives while one child suffers. This is the price that they pay, seemingly unknowingly unless they are a certain age, to have a utopian society. When someone finds out about why they live in such bliss, they are left with a choice; stay in Omelas knowing that the child must suffer for their, and everyone’s, happiness, or, to leave Omelas unknowing of what their life might entail. Today, society shows ways that we truly fulfill the idea that WilliamRead MoreIs It The Right Thing For Me? Join The War After College?1064 Words   |  5 PagesIn life, we are constantly faced with situations and scenarios where we have to make choices. Deciding which choices we make is often times determined by what we deem as right and wrong. There are no clear-cut, black and white answers to these questions, so we have to take it upon ourselves to do our best to make the right choices. Imagine this, your country is heading to war, and you want to help serve your country against the terrorists attacking your home. So you go to school majoring in the enimesRead MoreUtilitarianism : Bentham And Mill766 Words   |  4 PagesUtilitarianism: Bentham VS. Mill Utilitarianism is a normative ethical theory that holds the morally right course of action in any given situation is the course of which yields the greatest balance of benefits over harms. More specifically, utilitarianism’s core idea is that the effects of an action determine whether actions are morally right or wrong. Created with philosophies of Jeremy Bentham (1748–1832) and John Stuart Mill (1806–1873), Utilitarianism began in England in the 19th Century. Read MoreActions and Their Labels of Either Right or Wrong Essay1204 Words   |  5 PagesActions and Their Labels of Either Right or Wrong In this academic essay there will be an in depth look at the words of Mill, in terms of actions and their labels of either right and wrong, and those connotations to happiness and, so to speak the reverse of happiness. There will be an attempt through various different channels, to illustrate the absurdity of utilitarianism, in the sense of its mere provisional assessment of promoting happiness. Furthermore this essay willRead MoreUtilitarianism : A Look At J.s1731 Words   |  7 Pagesconsequentialism and happiness. So in order to understand utilitarianism we must first understand what consequentialism is, and then understand how happiness is related. Consequentialism is a philosophical view in which morality means to produce the right kind of consequences. This could lead one to ask what the right kinds of consequences are. Since utilitarianism is based on consequentialism, and consequentialism is based on morality, we would look at morality to define the right kind of consequencesRead MoreUtilitarianism Vs. Mill Utilitarianism1004 Words   |  5 Pagesanism: Bentham VS. Mill Utilitarianism is a normative ethical theory that holds the morally right course of action in any given situation is the course of which yields the greatest balance of benefits over harms. More specifically, utilitarianism’s core idea is that the effects of an action determine whether actions are morally right or wrong. Created with the philosophies of Jeremy Bentham (1748–1832) and John Stuart Mill (1806–1873), Utilitarianism began in England in the 19th Century. BenthamRead MoreIs Happiness the Purpose of Life?1317 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"We’re not happy and we can’t be happy; we only want happiness.† So, what’s the purpose of life? Is it to be happy? Everyone has that desire, to have happiness. We even base our decision we by how it will affect our happiness. In our life we experience happiness and unhappiness, but we are oblivious as to what happiness is. What comes to mind when thinking of happiness? Is it pleasure, the tho ught of the good life, prosperity, or is it something else? We won’t be able to have a response to that question

Illusions of Reality Essay - 1341 Words

The Illusions of Reality The only thing in my life that I can be positive about is change. Everything changes, from the moment we’re born to the moment we die. Reality has many twist and turns, and our perception of reality is what shapes us to become who we are. Our life is spent on deciphering the difference between reality and not reality. This is hard to define because reality is unique to each individual. Our environment and the people we are around shape our perception of what is real. Reality is our grip of what is true and false, right and wrong, what is real and what is not. So reality can be distorted by our belief in it. We can sincerely believe something is right, but be sincerely wrong. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The†¦show more content†¦I got the worst spanking I have ever got in my life, but I really thought that my mom had abandoned me forever. I was terrifically frightened of being alone, and the thought of the people I loved and who took care of me leaving me was even scarier. My parents had never threatened to leave me; they never abused me, so why did I not trust her enough to know that she would come back? My perception of the world at that moment was that I was deserted and lonely. My mother had influenced and shaped my reality into me believing she wouldn’t come back for me. That moment in my life showed my mother that I didn’t trust her, and that hurt her feelings. I couldn’t change the way I felt, so she had to accept that. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Reality is an idea. It is something that man invented like intelligence or love. Reality is our perception of where we are in our lives at that moment. That concludes that our perception of reality is subject to change, for our lives change. Some people like to take drugs to distort their experience of life. These drugs bring on a euphoric state of mind that most people believe is true reality. Many drugs are addicting, but that isn’t the reason why people take them. They are merely addicted to the effects drugs play on their brain. They get caught in a circle of depression, addiction, and drugs. These people create their own world through the physical and emotionalShow MoreRelatedReality and Illusion4098 Words   |  17 PagesReality versus Illusion Texts: Life of Pi King Lear Heavenly Creatures Blade Runner Pans Labyrinth Research Questions: 1. How does each character’s situation influence their perception or ideas of reality versus illusion? 2. What are the similarities and differences between the main character’s situation in each text? 3. What insights relating to reality and illusion can be gained from each text? Resources: Title: Life of Pi Author: Yann Martel Question 1: Pi survives his ordealRead MoreReality and Illusion1812 Words   |  7 Pages Postmodern literature draws attention to its status as fictional to break down barriers between reality and illusion. The boundaries between ‘real’ and ‘fake’ are no longer clear, because identity is socially constructed. In White Noise and Nights at the Circus, characters such as Sophie Fevvers and Jack Gladney have fabricated personas, and they exaggerate these roles so that their audiences cannot tell the difference between what the characters perform and their ‘true’ nature. There are manyRead MoreIllusions and Distortion of Reality1164 Words   |  5 PagesGeorge and Martha’s entire relationship is based on illusions and the distortion of reality. 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The brain and body takeRead MoreThe Line Separating Reality And The Illusion Of Reality1171 Words   |  5 PagesThe line separating reality and the illusion of reality is a blur. The line separating the narrator’s self-aware expression and his story telling is a blur. The line separating Ambrose and the narrator is a blur. All of this may blur understanding. It is clear, however, that these blurs exist because of the â€Å"funhouse†. A funhouse, Lost in the funhouse, in which exist other funhouses. Various funhouses exist in the story and in the writing. For this reason, the title Lost in the funhouse is very significantRead More Reality and Illusion in Richard Bach’s Illusions Essay1077 Words   |  5 PagesQuestioning Reality in Richard Bach’s Illusions The message of Richard Bach’s Illusions is based on the concept that the things we interpret in the world as reality are actually illusions. This is made evident to one of the main characters, Richard, through his interactions with his newly found friend, Donald Shimoda. Donald Shimoda is a â€Å"messiah†, and he has gifts that he uses to help mankind. A quote that Richard reads is â€Å"Here is a test to find whether your mission on earth is finished:Read MoreIllusion Vs Reality – The Causticity of Illusion Essay1903 Words   |  8 PagesReality is the state of the world of how it really is, whereas an illusion is erroneous interpretation of reality. Illusions often derail people from their sanity, as they cause them to inadvertently live lives in accordance to false beliefs. As a result, the outcomes for these people, and the people around them, are often atrocious. The theme of illusion versus reality is excessively demonstrated in Macbeth, a play writ ten by William Shakespeare, and also in The Crucible, a play written by ArthurRead MoreThe Portrayal Of Illusion Vs. Reality1718 Words   |  7 PagesEnglish P4 6 December 2015 The Portrayal of Illusion VS. Reality in A Streetcar Named Desire Have you ever submerged yourself into a word of illusion to escape from the cold hearted reality of the world? This theme of escaping from reality and into illusions is explored throughout the play, A Streetcar Named Desire by Tennessee Williams. What exactly is the difference between illusion and reality? An illusion is a deceptive idea or belief whereas reality is the actual state in which the world actuallyRead MoreEssay about Reality or Illusion955 Words   |  4 Pages The Matrix, and Plato’s Republic, â€Å"On Shadows and Realities,?reality and illusion are one in the same. The Wachowski brothers allows the viewer to see how reality and illusion can be mistaken for the other, using a number of contrasting ideas found in Platos analogy of the Cave, showing that at times the dream world can be safer than real life. 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Disclosure Of Good Will Impairment Under †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Disclosure Of Good Will Impairment Under? Answer: Introducation One of the key accounting principles asserts the fact that there is no such requirement of assets, which have excessive valuations in the financial position statement. This in turn needs the requiring of several concepts of values with respect to which the amount, which is carried by the asset, can be contrasted in order to see if there is surplus. The Paragraph 1 of AASB 136 asserts that the impairment in the assets discusses about the methods, which are adopted by every enterprise in order to ensure that the assets are being carried out at right amounts, which do not exceed the level of the amounts, which are recoverable. The paragraph also asserts that in case the assets are carried over that of the amount, which is recoverable, the amount recoverable through selling of the assets is lower than that of the amount carried by the asset. The asset, in such scenarios, can be considered to be impaired and the standard requires the enterprise to realize the losses from impairment includ ing the time of the impairment loss and that of the disclosures which are essential (Legislation.gov.au 2017). If for an asset the carrying value exceeds that of the recoverable value then the impairment loss occurs. This in turn is higher of assets fair value minus the selling costs and the value, which is in use. Taking reference of the Paragraph 59 of AASB 136, if the recoverable value of an asset is less than the carrying value of the same, then the latter needs to be minimized to that of its former. This kind of minimization is considered as impairment loss. The technique of measuring the impairment loss may differ based on the fact whether the asset is recorded at the cost level or pursues the revaluation model (Tricker and Tricker 2015). According to the same paragraph, the impairment losses need to be immediately realized, except when the carrying of an asset is being made at the amount, which is re-valued, and comply to some other standard. These standards help in denoting the revaluation model as it is in AASB 116. Therefore, the impairment loss, which is related to that of an asset which is re-valued, required to be considered as a decrease in the revaluation according to other standard (Amiraslani, Iatridis and Pope 2013). The two methods with the help of which impairment of assets can take place are the revaluation model and the cost model. According to the Paragraph 61 of AASB 136, in case of the cost model, when an impaired asset is recorded in terms of cost, the loss needs to be recognized immediately in profit or loss terms. This in turn implies that the loss is required to be recognized as expense in the statement of income for the concerned organization (Cotter 2012). In accordance to that of the Paragraph 60 of AASB 136, when the revaluation model is taken into consideration, then while an impairment is carried out, like that of plant, property and that of equipment, at the re-valued amount, then the impairment loss needs to be treated similar to that of a decrease in the revaluation. For the purpose of reiteration, the impairment loss on the re-valued assets is needed to be realized in the statement of income in the first stage in order to ensure that it does not exceed the surplus amount for the similar asset. The target can be achieved with the help of debiting of the leftover surplus account, which in turn is applicable to assets including that of the tax liability, which is deferred, before any kind of loss balance is considered as expenses in the statement of income (Guthrie and Pang 2013). It might happen in some cases that the past written recoverable value of the amount of an asset exceeds the same assets carrying value. As stated by the Paragraph 110 of AASB 136, it is the need of an enterprise to look for the signs of whether an impairment loss in the past for any asset, except that of goodwill, has decreased or became non-existent. As can be derived from the Paragraph 111 of AASB 136, there are needs of several external as well as internal signs for impairment loss reversal. The signs are inclusive of substantial increase in the assets market value, fall in the overall rate of interest in the market, dynamics with favorable implications for that of the organization, positive changes with regards to utilization of assets and signs showing better performance of the same in economic terms, in the contrary of the speculations (Kuzmina, and Kozlovska 2012). Two models, including the cost model as well as the revaluation model, can do the impairment loss reversal. When the cost model is taken into account, the reversal cannot be seen to increase the carrying value of the asset over the depreciated value of the same. In this context, it is to be taken into account that the concerned asset is subjected to the policy of the actual depreciation. In this case, the impairment loss for the asset can be realized in the form of an income item in the statement of income of the concerned enterprise as is stated in the Paragraph 119 of AASB 136 (Guthrie and Pang 2013). For example, an impairment loss for machinery of amount $13,000 is recorded at June 30, 2014. The carrying value of the asset at June 30, 2016, is assumed to be $11,333. This is inclusive of $50,000 cost minus the accumulated depreciation of $25,667 and the accumulated impairment loss of $13,000. The value recoverable is $18,000. There is 10% actual rate of depreciation annually for 6 years. The carrying value in this scenario is supposed to be $20,000. The recoverable value not surpassing the carrying value, the impairment loss realized previously of $6,667 can get reversed in order to restate the carrying value at $18,000. This in turn will raise the initial carrying value. The accumulated loss from impairment, in this scenario, will be debited and the reversal will be credited with $6,667. In the revaluation model, if the impairment loss is taken to be an expense and it is recorded in the statement of income, the reversal will be done by credit of income amount. For example, equipment has $90,000 carrying amount, with $100,000 in account and as depreciation an amount of $10,000. $30,000 of revaluation decrements can be seen to have been realized while previous impairment loss recording. The losses in their turn have minimized the balance of the revaluation surplus and deferred liability of tax account. The recoverable amount of the same is $1110,000 and so for reversal recording of $20,000, the loss of impairment previously, the accumulated depreciation and equipment accounts needs to be debited and has $10,000 balances each. Accounts of revaluation surplus and deferred liability of tax will also be credited and will have $14,000 and $6,000 respectively. Therefore, in the coming periods, there is need of adjustments of the depreciations for the apportionment of the carrying amount (revised) less the residual values in a systematic manner for the remaining useful life (Laing and Perrin 2014). Particulars Amount (in $) Assets' carrying amount (A) 136,000 Value in use of the division (B) 121,000 Fair value of the assets ( C) 87,360 Actual or real asset values (D) [Greater of (B) and (C)] 121,000 Loss from Impairment (E) (A) - (D)] 15,000 Goodwill on acquisition of competing organisations (F) - Impairment loss from subtraction of goodwill (E) - (F) 15,000 Apportionment of Impairment Loss Particulars Amount (in $) Percentage Impairment (in $) Patent 91,000 67% 10,037 Equipment 21,000 15% 2,316 Fittings 13,000 10% 1,434 Inventory 6,000 4% 662 Goodwill 5,000 4% 551 Total Amount of Assets 136,000 100% 15,000 References AASB, C.A.S., 2014. Business Combinations.Disclosure,66, p.77. Amiraslani, H., Iatridis, G.E. and Pope, P.F., 2013.Accounting for asset impairment: a test for IFRS compliance across Europe. Centre for Financial Analysis and Reporting Research (CeFARR). Cotter, D., 2012.Advanced financial reporting: A complete guide to IFRS. Financial Times/Prentice Hall. Guthrie, J. and Pang, T.T., 2013. Disclosure of Goodwill Impairment under AASB 136 from 20052010.Australian Accounting Review,23(3), pp.216-231. Kuzmina, I. and Kozlovska, I., 2012. ACCOUNTING MEASUREMENT OF LONG-LIVED ASSETS: A CASE OF IMPAIRMENT PRACTICE.Journal of Business Management, (5). Laing, G.K. and Perrin, R.W., 2014. Deconstructing an accounting paradigm shift: AASB 116 non-current asset measurement models.International Journal of Critical Accounting,6(5-6), pp.509-519. Legislation.gov.au. (2017).AASB 136 - management of Assets - August 2015. [online] Available at: https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/F2017C00297/Download [Accessed 13 May 2017]. Tricker, R.B. and Tricker, R.I., 2015.Corporate governance: Principles, policies, and practices. Oxford University Press, USA.

My Beautiful Girlfriend Essays - Auctions, Estate Sale,

Before i begin discussing my relationship with my amazing and beautiful girlfriend, and the vigorous 2 year journey of a relationship we have been through as a couple. I would like to explain that everything i am speaking of in this paper is 100% true. Weather it is communication competence, nonverbal cues, dialectical tension, abstract language, and nonverbal communication. They have all seemed to squeeze their way into my relationship in multiple cases. Where do i begin. Lover, sexual partner, girlfriend, moral supporter, and best friend. These are all things i get to call my beautiful partner. Now don't get me wrong it wasn't easy for her nor myself to be able to be at the place we're at today. Love life is a very peculiar thing, but to me the stranger thing has to be the emotions as well as interpersonal communicational tracks explored while going through love. I mean think about it this person makes my heart hurt when im away from here yet when im with here i wanna rip her head off. This is what i like to call the wonderful world of love. When influencing me as a person as much as she has, and i don't say this lightly. There were many communicational barriers we had to get through. One of the toughest to me was by far dialectical tensions. The one that affected us the most has to be expression-privacy tension. When we went through our first year of college. We started to see this barrier pop up a lot with her not telling me certain things that i would like to know and me telling her too much that she would have like to hear otherwise. We eventually found a way to express our lives in a almost half and half way. With her telling me stuff she knew i would want to know as well as me telling her the same. This was a huge battle for us, but ended up being the glue to our ever growing relationship. With relationships comes sex, desire of lust, as well as just loving each other. A huge portion of our amazing relationship relies on this wonderful thing called nonverbal communication. First let me explain nonverbal communication so you can better understand the impact it has had on my relationship. Nonverbal comm. Is communication without the use of spoken word. This can be anything from facial expressions to the gesture of your hands. The fascinating thing to me is how much you come to know these nonverbal actions and can pinpoint exact emotions and phrases as well as desires associated with them Nonverbal cues as we call them in the study of communications. My favorite example of this was actually something that happened this october break. We were in the car talking as usual. I started to talk about something that made her unhappy, i know i'm a terrible boyfriend; Besides that the cue happened to be her making the slightest change in tone as well as an almost overwhelming sense of uncomfort. We continued the drive and i know by now to not ignore these cues but talk around them. when i say this i simply mean to speak in a way that comforts her as well as assuring her i'm aware of this cue and i'm working on fixing it. My Communication competence cannot be completely blamed on my relationship with my girlfriend. I have moved a lot of my life and making friends and being good at it wasn't always easy. This has surly fueled the flame. Where i can give credit to the relationship for this has to be teaching me what to say, when to say it, and how to say it. As well as decoding abstract language. Communication competence truly has to be the reason we've made it as far as we have in this relationship. The understanding of different messages as well as how they are sent and received between one another has made our relationship stronger than bruce banner himself. (The Incredible Hulk). Where do i begin. Lover, sexual partner, girlfriend, moral supporter, and best friend. These are all things i get to call my beautiful partner. As you can see Interpersonal

Free Essays on Art of Loving

According to Erich Fromm, love is the best answer to the problem of human existence. Love is the most satisfying fulfillment of humanity’s most powerful desire: the desire of interpersonal union. Having a capacity of critical thinking and self-awareness, humans realized their aloneness and separateness, their individuality and their short life span. â€Å"The desire for interpersonal fusion is the most powerful striving in man. It is the most fundamental passion, it is the force which keeps the human race together: family, clan, society, nation, world.† As mentioned above, love, turns out to be the most satisfying of all approaches to transcending boundaries of individual life. There is orgiastic state, which may have the form of sexual orgasm, alcohol, drugs and etc. All forms of orgiastic unions are intense, and even violent; they are transitory and periodical. Orgiastic unions result in an ever-increasing sense of separateness. Another form of union to overc ome separateness is conformity. Union by conformity is calm and it is permanent. â€Å"It is a union in which the individual self disappears to a large extent, and where the aim is to belong to the herd.† People try to be equal by performing tasks and feelings prescribed by the system and trying to follow the same rules, the same pattern of life from the age three or four. Unfortunately, â€Å"equality today means ‘sameness’, rather that ‘oneness’.† This form of... Free Essays on Art of Loving Free Essays on Art of Loving According to Erich Fromm, love is the best answer to the problem of human existence. Love is the most satisfying fulfillment of humanity’s most powerful desire: the desire of interpersonal union. Having a capacity of critical thinking and self-awareness, humans realized their aloneness and separateness, their individuality and their short life span. â€Å"The desire for interpersonal fusion is the most powerful striving in man. It is the most fundamental passion, it is the force which keeps the human race together: family, clan, society, nation, world.† As mentioned above, love, turns out to be the most satisfying of all approaches to transcending boundaries of individual life. There is orgiastic state, which may have the form of sexual orgasm, alcohol, drugs and etc. All forms of orgiastic unions are intense, and even violent; they are transitory and periodical. Orgiastic unions result in an ever-increasing sense of separateness. Another form of union to overc ome separateness is conformity. Union by conformity is calm and it is permanent. â€Å"It is a union in which the individual self disappears to a large extent, and where the aim is to belong to the herd.† People try to be equal by performing tasks and feelings prescribed by the system and trying to follow the same rules, the same pattern of life from the age three or four. Unfortunately, â€Å"equality today means ‘sameness’, rather that ‘oneness’.† This form of...

Letter from birminghan jail Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Letter from birminghan jail - Essay Example King uses logos for explanation or rational presentation of the case directed toward the intellect of the auditor. During this period of time, the main driven forces of equal rights movement included new perception of the world and self, new interpretation of freedom and humans rights. The historical evens changed political viewpoints on the notions of freedom and diversity of blacks and minorities. King states: "In any nonviolent campaign there are four basic steps: collection of the facts to determine whether injustices exist; negotiation; self-purification; and direct action" (King 221). Using dramatic descriptions, King vividly portrays that racial relations and racism causes labor division and class struggle. This universal process contains for America a special problem: the proletariat is largely black, and its demand for inclusion thus threatens the political control of a white minority. Using vivid examples, King states: "It is even more unfortunate that the city's white powe r structure left the Negro community with no alternative" (King 221). It is not surprising, therefore, if leading Black intellectuals attack the notion of racial democracy and seek to provide a new narrative which offers a central place to those of African descent. The enslaved African became a 'citizen' as stated under the law, but he also became a 'nigger', cornered from all sides. Through vivid examples, King appeals to the audience stating that this was made apparent in the ways in which ethnic identities were subsumed, and still are, within and between economic identities, a political-economic class identity with the ethnic referent made invisible (Lischer 23). Ethoc (ethical appeal) is founded on the moral character of the speaker as presented in Letter. The first and most important part of ethical appeal is the moral character of the speaker which persuades when his Letter is delivered in a manner rendering him worthy of belief. This confidence is established in and by the speech itself and not through previous notion the audience may have of the speaker. To win trust, confidence, and conviction, the speaker exhibit intelligence, good sense, virtue and goodwill. " Just as Socrates felt that it was necessary to create a tension in the mind so that individuals could rise from the bondage of myths and half-truths to the unfettered realm of creative analysis and objective appraisal"(King 224). King demonstrates his the way he exercises his moral choice. For King, this part is very important because it helps the speaker to establish his ethical values as sensible, virtuous, and trustworthy. Also, King gives special attention to the character of his audience to which he suits his Letter. Kings appeals to the audience stating: "We should never forget that everything Adolf Hitler did in Germany was "legal" and everything the Hungarian freedom fighters did in Hungary was "illegal" (King 228). As it is essential to impress the audience favorably with his own character, so it is important for him to adapt his tone and sentiments to the audience (Overton 34). Emotional appeal is produced when King places his listeners in a particular state of mind and makes them feel emotion. It induces belief in an audience and appeals to their inner feelings. On the other hand, rights are

Family Business Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 11000 words

Family Business - Research Paper Example This condition, in turn, has transformed contemporary organisations. Organisations pursue competencies that make firms globally competitive. Companies’ pursuit of competencies is no longer just limited to financial and physical capital, but it also includes human capital. This move is necessary to create added value to their services or products, attract new customers, and retain loyal clients (Nordhaug, 1993; Westhead & Matlay, 2006). However, despite the fast phase changes in the modern period, the significant and integral role of the family in the economic activities of the society remains undeterred (Aldrich & Cliff, 2003). Of the several facets manifesting the integral role of the family in the society, the influence of family on business, in terms of firm creation and management, is no longer limited to small businesses, but it also consists of large corporations with families holding majority shares (Steier, Chrisman & Chua, 2004). This scenario is observed not only in the United States and in Europe, but it is also an event that has become perceptible in China, Japan and other Asian countries (Steier et al., 2004). As such, it can be claimed that there is a pervasive participation of families in the establishment and management of economic institutions that redefines the role of families in economic organisations and activities as well as in organisational life (Aldrich & Cliff, 2003; Morck & Nakamura, 2003; Steier et al., 2004). In this context, family owned business (FOB), just like non-family owned business, requires effective governance for the firm to achieve continued growth and success. Implementation of policies, strategies and management by family founders/owners are geared towards attaining efficient and effective governance that will sustain and maintain the family corporation (Angus, 2005). Effective FOB governance is essential not only in handling organisational issues and in wealth management of the FOB, but it is also necessary in handling conflicts arising from family relations involve in the business (Moore& Juenemann, 2008). In this condition, understanding governance in family owned business becomes one of the essential factors in determining FOB’s sustainability, growth and success in the era of globalisation. Background of the Study Family owned businesses play a crucial role in economic activities across the globe (Steier et al, 2004). Families creating and managing their own businesses have become pervasive and it is clearly manifest in many developing countries (Ramachandra & Merisetty, 2009). However, as economic institutions, FOBs require effective governance that will ensure not only their continued existence in the market, but can also guarantee the firm’

T.H. Marshalls Theory of Citizenship

T.H. Marshalls Theory of Citizenship Critically discuss T. H. Marshall’s theory of citizenship as outlined in Citizenship and Social Class (1949/1992). At the centre of the development of citizenship in modern Britain is the pioneering work of T.H. Marshall (Faulks, 1998). T.H. Marshall proposed an extremely influential theory in regards to citizenship (Dwyer, 2010). Through his analysis of citizenship, Marshall has to be acknowledged as identifying an original theoretical stand point from which to understand a social phenomenon (Held and Thompson, 1989). Few British Social Scientists other than Marshall have directly considered the concept of citizenship and made it their central focus in their work (Lister, 2010). Therefore, it has been Marshall’s contribution that has been considered a starting point for further research into the subject of citizenship rights (Held and Thompson, 1989). Furthermore, as Roche (1992) has identified, Marshall’s writings form a central text which he has labelled the ‘Dominant paradigm’ within citizenship theory in Britain (Faulks, 1998). When critiquing the work of Marshall it is important to recognise how defining citizenship is integral to understanding the concepts expressed in his work and others to date. Marshall defined citizenship as ‘full membership of a community’ (Marshall, 1963: 72). Marshall then clarified that full citizenship status involved membership of a national community (Dwyer, 2010). Marshall’s implication was that each individual considered a citizen could, therefore, expect certain rights of entitlement from the state and in return would be expected to uphold certain standards or duties within the community to be considered a ‘citizen’. As the definition of citizenship has developed over the years so has the concepts of which it encompasses. As such, when critiquing Marshall’s work it is important to acknowledge the era during which the theories considered were proposed as noted by Dwyer (2010). The circumstances during the time of this essay were substan tially different to those of modern society within Britain. Marshall’s work was considered following the Second World War and the establishment of the post war welfare settlement (Dwyer, 2010). Consequently, this has led to critical discussion of Marshall’s theories regarding citizenship and its value by a number of academics to date (Alcock, 1989; Delanty, 2000; Dwyer, 2010 and Lister, 2010). Marshall considers each aspect by analysing each approach historically to the development for rights. Marshall outlined three interlinked elements of rights that took the form of civil, political and social rights (Lister, 2010). The concept of civil rights in Britain came to prominence during the eighteenth century and included; ‘the rights necessary for individual freedom, liberty of the person, freedom of speech, thought and faith, the right to own property and to conclude valid contractors, and the right to justice’ (Marshall, 1963: 74). Discussion of political rights followed during the nineteenth century, which included, the right to vote and stand for political office (Marshall, 1949/1992). The final element of rights was concluded with the possession of social rights to fully categorise somebody as a citizen. The concept of social rights developed primarily in the post Second World War period. Marshall’s definition of social rights has undergone much scrutiny due to his ambiguous theoretical perspective. Powell (2002) and Dwyer (2010) in particular comment on this lack of clarity, â€Å"He is clear that there is no overarching universal principle that emphatically defines what citizenship grants or requires† (Dwyer, 2010:39). As Marshall (1949/92) highlights on several occasions, civil citizenship rights are entirely of the conditions of a free market economy, including a free labour market. Conversely, Marshall appears to be rather aware of the contradictions within the various strands of citizenship, although the aspects seem to interlink it would seem they do not always agree. Potential contradictions between social and civil citizenship, Marshall openly discussed in terms of the conflict between citizenship and class (Bagguley, 2013). As Turner (1993) indicates, Marshall’s analysis of capitalism versus democracy contained a number of ambiguities, but as a whole, Marshall strongly argued that the welfare state would limit the negative impact of class differences on individual life-chances. Ultimately this would enhance the individual’s commitment to the system. Additionally, the era of which social rights were development may affect how some individuals may interpret them (Lister, 2010). The development of civil freedoms was a crucial step in the undoing of the hierarchical primitive limitations of status or duty to an individual’s social superiors (Lister, 2010). Civil freedoms were also a necessary foundation for the later development of the second type of rights noted by Marshall as political rights. Marshall acknowledges four major aims to his essay. Firstly, he examines whether citizenship is compatible with the class structure in a capitalist society such as Britain. Although he states this is possible, individuals such as Faulks, (1998) feel he is ‘cautious’ in stating this. The tension between citizenship and capitalism arises out of the fact that citizenship highlights equality, while capitalism presumes inequality (Dwyer, 2010). For Marshall, the compatibility of citizenship with capitalism was due to social rights by ‘civilising’ the impact of the market (Faulks, 1998). Marshall identifies the increase of incomes, the growth of savings and the success of mass production as enabling society to redistribute wealth and social power (Lister, 2010). Developments such as the progressive tax system and the use of legal aid are shown to reduce the influence of class, effectively, creating social justice via social rights (Held and Thompson, 1989). As his second consideration, rightfully, Marshall argues that citizenship in Britain cannot be fully achieved without altering market operations of the time (Faulks, 1998). Thirdly, Marshall identifies the shift to rights away from responsibilities and the effect of this, and he considered this to be the most important aspect of citizenship in modern Britain (Somers, 2004). Finally, Marshall attempts to establish the limits of social equality and determine just how far the struggle for social justice could realistically go (Tilly, 1996). Marshall contended an image of an ‘ideal citizenship’ and thereby, a goal towards which aspirations can be directed. T.H. Marshall’s approach to social citizenship has been regarded as a democratic socialist view. As Delanty (2002) recognised, social democracy and Marshall’s egalitarian liberalism had several aspects in common. Other influential thinkers such as Richard Titmuss shared a similar passion within the social democratic tradition (Dwyer, 2010). Dwyer (2010) and Alcock and Oakley (2001) have identified the approaches of Titmuss and Marshall, who share several resemblances. Each writer showed a considerable importance to universal unrestricted welfare rights. Furthermore, both Marshall and Titmuss, outlined the identification and consideration of the ‘class struggle’ which is notably identified as an important aspect of the development of social citizenship. Marshall and Titmuss also suggest that the development of British industrial capitalism is of greater significance for the emergence of social rights (Dwyer, 2010). Additionally, the two writers shared the sa me optimism about the motivations that underpin human nature. Titmuss and Marshall both assumed that citizens would mostly behave in a responsible manner and look to enhance their own lives, and the lives of fellow members of their national community, rather than abuse any benefits that social rights may bring for individual gain (Alcock and Oakley, 2001) As Dwyer (2010), rightfully states, personal interpretation is ultimately what pins down the decision about whether or not the work of T.H. Marshall can be seen as social democratic. Key themes that are central to Social Democracy have been identified as: the promotion of equality, freedom, social integration and universal rights to welfare (Held and Thompson, 1989; Turner, 1993). Arguably Marshall’s (1949/92) endorsement of these beliefs identifies him as a social democrat of sorts, even if perhaps he moved away from this position in later life. Delanty (2000) refers to Marshall’s views as a socially democratic left wing liberal approach to citizenship. Marshall’s Citizenship theory, although seen as pioneering, has been the forefront of many critiques (Dwyer, 2010). As Tilly (1996) states, Marxist critics of Marshall’s work on citizenship are widely known, describing the analysis Marshall has given as superficial as it does not highlight, a citizen’s right to control economic production, which has been argued as a necessity for continual shared affluence (Somers, 1994). Furthermore, feminist perspectives as stated by Lister (2008) states Marshall’s theory as being extremely confined in being solely on men, while not acknowledging, the social rights of women. (Held and Thompson 1989). Therefore, Marshall’s Theory reflects that of only the working class white male perspective (Lister, 2003). His statement that in England all people were free and had civil rights can be seen as fabricated, as at the time only men had ‘legal freedom’ or the capability to exercise political or civil rights (Lister, 2008). Additionally, Marshall does not discuss other aspects of society including second class citizens and gender and racial hierarches (Tilly, 1996). Although Marshall did not discuss the issues associated with second class citizenry, he acknowledged that citizenship itself plays a part in social inequality (Marshall, 1942/92). As once noted earlier it is important to understand the circumstances during the time of this essay were substantially different to those of modern society within Britain (Dwyer, 2010) Furthermore, Neo-liberal perspectives and free market ideology asserts that the nonparticipation of the state from economic protection is the foundation of a society with strength and goodness (Held and Thompson, 1989). Consequently they are entirely opposed to the social rights proposed by Marshall (Turner, 1993). Neo-liberals instead suggest that welfare programs such as some of the social responsibilities discussed by Marshall to help the poor in effectively util ising their civil and political rights, have promoted passivity among the poor without improving life chances and have created a culture of welfare dependency (Held and Thompson, 1989; Roche, 1992). Citizenship, or the equality of rights it generates, becomes an integrative process counteracting the tendencies towards social division and conflict generated by the economic system. For Marshall, inequality was not an issue within itself. His focus was to find an acceptable balance between the forces for inequality and those for equality (Lewis 1998). Marshall distinguished between areas of the welfare state where greater degrees of inequality where acceptable and those where this was not the case, as the contrasts between the health service system and legal aid highlight (Marshall, 1949/92). Furthermore, this illustrated that for Marshall, citizenship constructs an affinity between rights and duties. However, this balance is not distributed equally among all who might make the claim to citizenship (Lewis, 1998). To conclude, while considering whether citizenship is compatible with the class structure in a capitalist society such as Britain, Marshall seems cautious in stating that this is possible (Faulks, 1998). Marshall provided an evolutionary view of citizenship, developing through various stages and levels to reach its final embodiment in the principles of British welfare politics (Turner, 1993). The extent of rights and duties that citizenship entails is open to on-going debate and has been challenged over time. Nonetheless, Marshall seems positive about the enrichment of citizenship at the time of writing (Dwyer, 2010). Initially, Marshall put the relationship between the citizen, the state and the social welfare at the centre of his analysis. Marshall achieved this by his suggestion of comprising citizenship into three interlinking aspects. Marshall viewed civil, political and social rights as a result of an evolutionary process, with each element overlapping (Turner, 1993). Marshallà ¢â‚¬â„¢s citizenship is a status rendered to people who can claim full citizenship of a community. Although, as noted by Lewis (1998) Marshall did not clearly state a criteria to which people may acquire such membership. Furthermore, there is a long and ongoing debate as to whether Marshall intended his historical analysis to be interpreted as a general theory of citizenship or whether the essay was just a commentary on the developments of citizenship within England (Faulks, 1998). Bibliography. Alcock, P. (1989). ‘Why Citizenship and New Welfare Rights Offer new Hope for Welfare in Britain,’ Critical Social Policy, Vol 19, no 2, pp 32-43 Alcock, P. and Oakley, A. (2001). ‘Introduction’, in P.Alcock, H Glennerster, A. Oakley and A. Sinfield (eds) Welfare and Wellbeing: Richard Titmuss’s contribution to social policy, Bristol: The Policy Press, pp1-9 Bagguley, P. (2013) Industrial citizenship: a re-conceptualisation and case study of the UK, International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy, Vol. 33 no: 5/6, pp.265 279 Delanty, G. (2000) Citizenship in a Global Age: Society Culture and Politics, Buckingham: Open University Press Dwyer, P. (2010). Understanding Social Citizenship: Themes and perspectives for policy and practice. 2nd ed. Great Britain: The Policy Press. Faulks, K (1998). Citizenship in Modern Britain. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. Held, D. and Thompson, J. (1989). Social Theory of Modern Societies: Anthony Giddens and His Critics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Lewis, G. (1998). Citizenship. In: Hughes, G. Imagining Welfare Futures. London: Routledge Ltd. pp 103-50. Lister, R (2003). Citizenship: Feminist Perspectives. 2nd ed. New York: New York University Press. 2003. Lister, R (2010). Understanding Theories and Concepts in Social Policy. Great Britain: The Policy Press. Marshall, T.H. (1949/92) ‘Citizenship and social class’, in T.H. Marshall and T.Bottomore, Citizenship and social class, London: Pluto Press Marshall, T.H. and Bottomore, T. (1992) Citizenship and social class, London: Pluto Press Powell, M. (2002) ‘The Hidden History of Social Citizenship’, Citizenship Studies, Vol 6, no 3, pp 229-45 Somers, M. R. (1994), Rights, Relationality, and Membership: Rethinking the Making and Meaning of Citizenship. Law Social Inquiry, 19: 63–114. Tilly, C (1996). Citizenship, Identity and Social History. International Review of Social History, 40, pp 1-17. Turner, B (1993). Citizenship and Social Theory. London: Sage Publications Ltd. Student Exam number: Y82850301

The Study of Si Surface Structures Essay examples -- Science Experimen

The Study of Si Surface Structures The goal of this study is to determine the ratios of surface type upon the Si sample. Data is collected from the Si samples using SPALEED. By analyzing the data from dates where combined surfaces are present it is possible to determine the amount of certain types of surfaces present on the sample. The ultimate goal is the ability to control the growth of Pb islands upon the Si crystal. Applications of this research include the design of advanced microprocessors and quantum wires. Introduction: The goal of the REU project to which I was assigned is to determine the amounts of certain types of crystalline surface structures present upon the Si crystal that had been used in previous experiments involving the formation of Pb islands at low temperature. This is accomplished by analyzing certain aspects of the data collected by Spot Profile Analysis Low Energy Electron Diffraction (SPALEED). The data sets are taken from different experimental runs involving various surfaces and are compared to one another. These surfaces include combined types of surface structures as well as those with only a single surface structure present. Background and Experimental Procedure: Within ultra-high vacuum and at very low temperature, a Si crystal is placed. This crystal is heated by use of a tungsten filament to high temperatures in order to eliminate impurities. The Si is then heated again at certain temperatures and for specific durations of time in order to create particular crystalline surface structures. Atoms of Pb are then deposited upon the Si crystal by a process of evaporation. The amount of Pb deposited is known and is measured in terms of monolayers, or layers of Pb upon the surface measu... ...is known through previous experiments that the surface of the Si upon which the Pb is deposited can change the height of the Pb islands formed. By altering the silicon surface upon which the Pb is deposited it is hoped that the Pb islands can be controlled. The hope is that the work here can help pave the way for computer chip architecture in the next fifty years. If the Pb islands can be deposited evenly and placed in specific locations it is believed that they can be use as quantum wires, dramatically increasing the speed of the silicon chip computer. At this time the data is promising. With more data and further analysis the problems of controllable Pb island formation are sure to be solved. The use of Scanning Tunneling Microscopy and SPA-LEED are the keys to unlocking the mysteries of the Si surface and it’s connection to the formation of the Pb islands.

Types of Entrepreneurship

Types of Entrepreneurship and Economic Growth DOI:10. 1093/acprof:oso/9780199596515. 003. 0004 Abstract and Keywords This chapter is an empirical exploration of types of entrepreneurship and their impact on economic growth in developing and transition countries. It relates indicators of entrepreneurship to average rates of economic growth in the period 2002–5. For this the chapter utilizes a dataset on entrepreneurship in thirty? six countries from the Global Enterprise Monitor (GEM), collected in 2002.It finds that indicators of young business activity have a significant impact on growth in high? income countries and transition countries, but not in developing countries. The chapter explains the lack of significant effects in developing countries by pointing to the lack of complementary physical and human capital and the scarcity of larger companies that can act as a training ground for SMEs. Keywords:  Ã‚  Ã‚  entrepreneurship,  growth? oriented entrepreneurship,  econ omic growth,  global entrepreneurship monitor 4. 1  IntroductionEntrepreneurship has long been considered a crucial mechanism of economic development (Schumpeter  1934; Landes  1998). However, empirical studies on the role of entrepreneurship in economic growth show mixed evidence (Stam  2008). This is not remarkable because there is much heterogeneity in both the kinds of entrepreneurship and the kinds of economic contexts in which economic growth takes place. Until now studies have not sufficiently accounted for this heterogeneity on the micro- and macro-level, which limits our insight into the contingent role of entrepreneurship in economic growth.Important questions in this respect are: ‘How does the role of entrepreneurship differ between high-income, transition, and medium-income countries? ’, and ‘What kinds of entrepreneurship are most crucial for economic growth? ’. The objective of this chapter is to provide insights into the role of dif ferent types of entrepreneurship in economic growth, and on how this role differs in poor and rich economies. In this chapter, we empirically investigate the effect of entrepreneurship on economic growth at the country-level.We use data from the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM), which provides comparative data on entrepreneurship from a wide range of countries. An important element of this chapter is that we compare the effects of entrepreneurial activity on economic growth in high-income countries, transition countries (China, Hungary, Poland, Russia, and Slovenia), and medium-income countries (Argentina, Brazil, Chile, India, Mexico, South Africa, and Thailand). This dataset also enables us to make a distinction between the effects of entrepreneurship in general and  (p. 9 )growth-oriented entrepreneurship in particular. We present empirical tests of the impact of entrepreneurial activity on GDP growth over a four-year period for a sample of 36 countries. Our empirical anal yses suggest that entrepreneurship does not have an effect on economic growth in medium-income countries, in contrast to transition and high-income countries where especially growth-oriented entrepreneurship seems to contribute strongly to macroeconomic growth. 4. 2  Entrepreneurship and economic development Development is a broad concept entailing the raising of human capabilities (Sen  1999).One of the central challenges in improving economic development is to increase the standards of living for individuals and growth of the economy as a whole. Even though economic growth in itself is a rather narrow target, it is probably one of the most important targets for development policies. It is also one of the measures that is most easy to access for analysts, and probably the best measure to make cross-national (Barro  1991; Sala-i-Martin  1997) and historical (Maddison  2001) analyses of the development of economies.Traditionally the economic output of a country is seen as a function of capital and labour inputs, combined with technical change (Solow  1957). Of course, conflicts and wars might interrupt this function (Sala-i-Martin  1997), but these are ‘just’ contingencies. The standard production function used shows that economic output (Y) is a function of the sum of labour and capital inputs, and the level of technological knowledge (i. e. productivity). This means that economic growth—the growth of economic output—is a function of the growth of labour and capital inputs and technological progress.In traditional models of economic growth investment in capital, labour, and technology is sufficient to realize economic growth. New models of economic growth see these investments as a necessary complement to entrepreneurship/innovation, but not as a sufficient explanation for economic growth in its own right (Nelson and Pack  1999). One could even argue that high rates of investment in human and physical capital are them selves stimulated by effective innovation, and cannot be maintained in the absence of innovation.Recent studies emphasize entrepreneurship as a driver of economic development and some authors include entrepreneurship as a fourth production factor in the macroeconomic production function (Audretsch and Keilbach  2004). Entrepreneurship is the factor that creates wealth by combining existing production factors in new ways. Entrepreneurs experiment with new combinations of which the outcomes are uncertain, but in order to make progress, many new variations have to be tried in order to find out which ones will  (p. 80 )  improve (economic) life (Rosenberg and Birdzell  1986).Other authors have argued that entrepreneurship will only unlock economic development if a proper institutional setting is in place (Baumol  1990; Boettke and Coyne  2003; Powell  2008). This institutional setting comprises informal as well as formal institutions (North  1990). An essential formal in stitution for welfare enhancing entrepreneurship is property rights. Insecure property rights have been an important constraint on the investments by entrepreneurs in transition countries, even more so than capital market constraints (Johnson, McMillan, and Woodruff  2000).A specific example regarding property rights is the fact that until 1988 private firms with more than seven workers were not even allowed to operate legally in China (Dorn  2008). One might say that the production factors capital, labour, technology, and entrepreneurship are the proximate causes of economic development, while institutions are a fundamental cause of economic development (Acemoglu, Johnson, and Robinson  2004). Next to productivity growth and technological change in established sectors, the development process in less advanced countries is largely about structural change (Gries and Naude  2010; Nelson and Pack1999; Rodrik  2007).It is a process in which an economy finds out—self-dis covers—what it can be good at producing, out of the many products that already exist. The role of entrepreneurs in developing countries does not equal innovation and R&D as commonly understood in advanced economies. Their role is to discover that a certain good, already well-established in world markets, can be produced at home at low cost (Hausmann and Rodrik  2003; Rodrik  2007).   Examples of this are the entrepreneurs that figured out that Bangladesh was good in the production of T-shirts, Colombia in cut flowers, India in software services, and Taiwan in bicycles and display technologies. Even if entrepreneurs cannot appropriate all these gains for themselves, their discoveries generate large social gains for their economies. Spurring entrepreneurs to invest in their home economy is said to be one of the most important aspects of stimulating growth in poor countries (Rodrik  2007). Investing refers here to innovation (e. g. mploying new technology, producing new products, searching for new markets) and expanding capacity. These investments trigger the combination of capital investment and technological change. In advanced capitalist economies, innovation and structural change take place through the combined efforts of small (independent inventors) and large innovative (organized R&D) firms, which complement each other in changing the economy (Nooteboom  1994; Baumol  2002). In developing countries the role of large firms is relatively small (Ghoshal, Hahn, and Moran  1999).In transition countries there are relatively many large organizations but these are largely in a process of restructuring and dismantling. This means that  (p. 81 )  small firms will be the prime movers in the process of structural change in developing and transition economies. We expect that the level of growth-oriented entrepreneurship in a country is a more relevant driver of economic growth than the mostly used indicators of entrepreneurship like self-employ ment and new firm formation.In contrast to rich countries, entrepreneurship in medium-income countries is mainly driven by necessity (Bosma et al. 2008). 2  Most entrepreneurs in these economies do not start a firm because they desire independence or because they want to increase their income as compared to being an employee, which are the dominant motives in rich countries. Most new businesses in medium-income countries are started out of necessity, in contrast to high-income countries, where entrepreneurship is most often opportunity-driven.This is reflected in the finding that in poor countries self-employed persons are less happy than employees, while the reverse is true in high-income countries (Blanchflower and Oswald  1998; Graham  2005). Entrepreneurs in medium-income countries most often start a business because they have no other way of earning a living. These entrepreneurs are not likely to be involved in a process of self-discovery; their actions are not likely to have an effect on the restructuring and diversification of the poor economies (Rodrik  2007). . 3  Data and research methods It is generally acknowledged that there are differences in the distribution of entrepreneurship across countries. Studies exploring differences in entrepreneurship across countries often focus on the incidence of new firm registration or self-employment, which may not be reliable indicators when applied to transition and developing countries with significant informal economies and fewer alternatives to self-employment.For these reasons we have used the Young Business (YB) indicator, defined as the percentage of adult population that is the owner/manager of a business that is less than 42 months old. Many studies have used the total entrepreneurial activity index, but that also includes the more speculative category of nascent entrepreneurs (individuals preparing a new business). In the current study we investigate whether the presence of growth-oriented en trepreneurs is a more important determinant of national economic growth than entrepreneurial activity in general.We will perform regression analyses with the YB  high-growth expectation  rate and the YB  medium-growth expectation  rate as independent variables and compare their impact on economic growth with the impact of the general YB index. The data and model used in this study are described below. We use a sample of 36 countries participating in the GEM in 2002. Data on six basic variables are used in our model: YB rate, YB medium-growth, YB  (p. 82 )  high-growth, growth of GDP, per capita income, and the growth competitiveness index (GCI). YB indexYB is defined as the percentage of adult population that is owner/manager of a business that is less than 42 months old. The YB high-(medium) growth expectation rate is defined as the percentage of adult population that is owner/manager of a business that is less than 42 months old,  and expects to employ 20 (six) emplo yees or more within five years  (YB6 and YB20). The YB medium-growth rate has some similarity to the entrepreneurship indicator used by Djankov et al. (2006), which includes owner-managers of a business with five or more employees. Data on the YB rate are taken from the GEM Adult Population Survey for 2002.Growth of GDP (? GDP) (Real) GDP growth rates are taken from the IMF World Economic Outlook database of the International Monetary Fund from September 2005. In equations (1) and (2) below variable ? GDPit  refers to the period 2002–5 (average annual growth) while the lagged GDP growth variable (? GDPi,t-1) refers to the period 1998–2001. Per capita income (GNIC) Most studies on GDP growth include the initial level of income in their analysis and find it to be significant (the conditional convergence effect, cf. Abramovitz  1986). Gross national income per capita 2001 is expressed in (thousands of) PPP dollars.These data are taken from the 2002 World Development Indicators database of the World Bank. Growth Competitiveness Index (GCI) In order to cover some aspects of the state of technology and institutions in a country (see Section  4. 2) we used the GCI for the year 2001 of the World Economic Forum (see McArthur and Sachs  2002). Given the low number of observations we are forced to use a combined index in our model. Even though there are huge problems in measuring technological capabilities and institutions (see Lall2001), the composite GCI is probably the best combined index available that covers these two factors simultaneously. p. 83 )  We investigate whether (growth-oriented) entrepreneurship may be considered as a determinant of economic growth, alongside the well-known determinants technology, institutions, and the macroeconomic environment, which are captured by the GCI. As both entrepreneurship and the factors underlying the GCI are assumed to be structural characteristics of an economy, we do not want to explain short-te rm economic growth but rather growth in the medium-term. Therefore we choose average annual growth over a period of four years (2002–5) as the dependent variable in this study.Following van Stel, Carree, and Thurik (2005), we use (the log of) initial income-level of countries to correct for catch-up effects, and lagged growth of GDP to correct for reversed causality effects, as additional control variables. 3 We allow for the possibility of different effects for high-income, transition, and medium-income countries. In addition we also test whether the effect of YB is different for transition countries. 4  YB rates may reflect different types of entrepreneurs in countries with different development levels, implying different impacts on growth.This is tested by defining separate YB variables for different groups of countries (high-income, transition, and medium-income countries). Our model is represented by equations (1) and (2). These equations are estimated separately by or dinary least squares. The expectation that growth-oriented YBs contribute more to national economic growth than YBs in general corresponds to b2  (c2) being larger than b1  (c1). In these equations sub-scripts t and t-1 loosely indicate that the independent variables are measured prior to the dependent variable.The exact years and periods for which the variables are measured can be found in the variable description above. ?GDPit=a+b1YBrichi,t? 1+c1YBtransitioni,t? 1+d1YBpoori,t? 1 +e? log(GNICi,t? 1)+f? GCIi,t? 1+g GDPi,t? 1+? it (1) ?GDPit=a+b2YB_high-growthrichi,t? 1+c2YB_high-growthtransitioni,t? 1+d2YB_high-growthpoori,t? 1+e? log(GNICi,t? 1)+f? GCIi,t? 1+g GDPi,t? 1+? it (2) To illustrate the data at hand, Table  4. 1  provides the YB rates and the YB medium- and high-growth rates in 2002 as well as the average annual growth rates of GDP over the period 2002–5.From Table  4. 1  and Figures  4. 1  and  4. 2  it can be seen that the ranking of countries in terms of YB or YB high-growth may be quite different. For instance, while China ranks fifth in terms of YB, it ranks first in terms of  (p. 84 ) Table 4. 1 Young business rates (2002) and GDP growth rates for 36 countrieshigh-growth YB. In contrast, Thailand ranks third in terms of YB, but only tenth in terms of high-growth YB. Figure 4. 1  Young business rates Figure 4. 2  Young business 20 rates Figure 4. 3  Correlation of young business rates and GDP growth rates Figure 4.   Correlation of high growth-oriented young business rates (20+) and GDP growth rates When we regress the rate of GDP growth on the YB rate and the YB20 rate, the YB20 rate reveals to have a stronger correlation with GDP growth (see Figures  4. 3  and  4. 4). (p. 85 )(p. 86 ) 4. 4  Entrepreneurship and national economic growth 4. 4. 1  Regression analyses The results of our empirical exercises are in Table  4. 2. Model I presents the regression results of the impact of the general YB i ndex (see equation (1)), while Models II and III show the results using the YB6 and YB20 rates as main independent variables (see equation (2)).The results presented in Table  4. 2  show that the impact of entrepreneurial activity is significantly positive for rich countries, but effectively zero for poor countries. The presence of growth-oriented entrepreneurs seems to be more important for achieving GDP growth than general entrepreneurship. Comparing the coefficients of the various YB rates, we see that the impact of YB6 is greater when compared to the impact of YB in general. Meanwhile the impact of YB20 is even greater, but not always statistically significant. Having more growth-oriented entrepreneurs seems to be particularly important in transition countries.Both the magnitude and the statistical significance of the estimated coefficient point to a stronger impact compared to high-income or medium-income countries. There are many reasons that could(p. 87 ) Table 4. 2 Regre ssion models average annual growth of GDP over the period 2002–5 (N=36)explain the importance of growth-oriented entrepreneurs in transition countries (Smallbone and Welter  2006). First, there are many entrepreneurial opportunities in formerly state-dominated sectors. Second, many highly qualified individuals lost their jobs at state-financed organizations (e. . universities, enterprises, government services). Third, there are many highly qualified (potential) entrepreneurs in these countries (especially in Eastern European countries), who do not face the opportunity costs of working for large public or private organizations. Fourth, those highly qualified (potential) entrepreneurs are also well connected to the power networks that were, and to a large extent still are, important in the political and economic arena of these countries, which takes away some barriers for high-growth firms in these countries.Summarizing, it may be argued that in transition economies high-grow th opportunities are more widely available and hence, a higher number of growth-oriented entrepreneurs willing to act on these opportunities may be particularly fruitful for achieving growth in these countries. However, we should be aware of the large diversity in the group of transition countries, which comprises countries like Russia and China, as well as Hungary and Slovenia. (p. 88 )  Our regression results should be interpreted with care as the analysis is based on a limited number of observations (36 countries).As a test of robustness we estimated the models leaving out one country at a time, i. e. we computed 36 auxiliary regressions, where each regression uses 35 observations (each time leaving one of the 36 countries out). Although t-values sometimes dropped a little, coefficients and t-values were generally in line with those reported in Table  4. 2. The country that matters the most for the results obtained in Table  4. 2  is China. This is not surprising as China combines high YB/YB6/YB20 rates with high GDP growth rates (see Table  4. 1). When leaving this country out of the sample, the coefficient (t-value) for the transition countries is 0. 2 (0. 5) for the YB rate, 1. 47 (1. 2) for the YB6 rate, and 1. 72 (1. 1) for the YB20 rate. The low t-values are in part due to the low number of observations. Note, however, that the coefficients are very similar to the full sample estimates reported in Table  4. 2. Furthermore, the Jarque–Bera test on the normality of disturbances is passed for all models reported in Table  4. 2, indicating that it is not necessary to remove individual country observations. Therefore we feel that our results are quite robust to the potential influence of outliers.Nevertheless, given the low number of observations, the results should only be seen as a first illustration of how the impact of different types of entrepreneurship may differ between groups of countries with different levels of development. 4 . 4. 2  Medium-income countries Within the groups of transition and developing economies there are substantial differences in entrepreneurship rates. Chile stands out because of a particularly high rate of growth-oriented entrepreneurship, while Mexico has a particularly low rate of growth-oriented entrepreneurship.In contrast to high-income countries, entrepreneurship in medium-income countries is mainly driven by necessity: self-employment is often the only occupational choice given a paucity of other sources of employment (necessity-based entrepreneurship; see Acs and Amoros  2008; Bosma et al. 2008). The actions of most of the entrepreneurs in medium-income countries are not likely to have an effect on the restructuring and diversification of the poor economies. This would be the whole story if the rates of growth-oriented entrepreneurship would also be marginal in these economies.This is only the case for Mexico. Next to Chile—where opportunity-driven entrepreneurshi p is dominant—Brazil, India, and Argentina perform quite well with respect to growth-oriented entrepreneurship. This means that there still is a substantial group of entrepreneurs in medium-income countries that might get involved in a process of self-discovery. The problem in practice is that in contrast to rich and transition economies, growth-oriented entrepreneurship is less likely to  (p. 89 )  be realized in developing economies, due to constraints on the provision of capital and (skilled) labour.An additional constraint in medium-income countries is that there are relatively few (foreign) large companies, which could act as a training ground for prospective growth-oriented entrepreneurs, and could open up distribution channels for new fledgling enterprises (Knorringa  1996). This is also reflected in the finding of Bosma, Stam, and Wennekers (2010) that the incidence of intrapreneurship (i. e. employees developing new business activities for their employer) is mu ch lower in medium-income countries than in high-income countries.In addition, one should make a distinction between large firms with productive (manufacturing) and resource extractive (mining, oil) activities here, as the former will be more useful for the development of entrepreneurship than the latter. 4. 4. 3  Transition countries New firms in transition countries not only displace obsolete incumbents but also fill in new markets, which were either non-existent or poorly populated in the past. Our study suggests that in transition countries, growth-oriented entrepreneurs make an important contribution to economic growth.They create new jobs with relatively high incomes which the small incumbent population of private firms cannot provide. This entrepreneurial growth process is facilitated by the relatively high levels of human capital in combination with relatively low opportunity costs of self-employment of the adult population. The high degree of environmental dynamism in the se countries—which is likely to positively affect the level of growth expectations and realizations of entrepreneurs in these countries—requires ambitious and well-connected entrepreneurs in order to translate these abundant opportunities in economic growth.There are considerable differences within the group of transition countries. Hsu (2005) shows that the role of these connections differs considerably between China and Russia: in China it was a tool which could be used to build enough trust to allow business transactions to succeed (‘capitalism without contracts’). In contrast, in Russia these connections devolved into corruption, and faded in importance for ordinary citizens. Without a way to build trust or extend networks, Russians retreated into defensive involution, and engaged in predatory behaviour against those outside their small circles of friends.Instead of capitalism without contracts, Russia suffered the depredations of ‘capitalists wi thout capitalism’. There are also substantial differences in entrepreneurship rates within the groups of transition economies. China stands out because of particularly high rates of growth-oriented entrepreneurship (cf. Hsu  2005). Even though the YB  (p. 90 )  rate is below the average of transition countries, the growth of self-employment has been enormous, not only in the richer coastal provinces, but also in rural areas (Mohapatra, Rozelle, and Goodhue  2007).Research by Djankov et al. (2006) also shows that entrepreneurs in China are more risk-taking and more committed to an entrepreneurial career than entrepreneurs in Russia. In addition, Russia has (and had: see Hsu  2005) a particularly low rate of entrepreneurship in general as well. The striking difference between entrepreneurship rates in China and Russia can be explained by their different paths from socialism to capitalism: gradualism and a shock therapy (see Burawoy  1996).In China the gradual transf ormation started with a policy of decollectivization (decentralization of property relations) in the late 1970s and the promotion of small-scale industry, with a focus on promoting independent entrepreneurship. Experimentation with new economic arrangements, for example privatization of small state-owned enterprises, has led to a favourable accumulation of productive capabilities in China. In contrast, Russia underwent a shock therapy in which the old communist regime was liquidated, with a focus on rapid privatization of the state sector.However, the Russian state failed to organize a market economy, which led to a coordination and entrepreneurial vacuum into which have stepped conglomerates, banks and mafia, siphoning off surplus from production to exchange (Burawoy  1996). 4. 5  Discussion of policy implications In this section we will briefly discuss the potential implications of our exploration of the relationship between types of entrepreneurship and economic growth for en trepreneurship policy and industrial/cluster policy in medium-income and transition countries. 5 4. 5. 1  Entrepreneurship policyOur empirical analyses suggest that entrepreneurship does not have an effect on economic growth in medium-income countries, in contrast to transition and high-income countries where both growth-oriented entrepreneurship and entrepreneurship in general seem to contribute strongly to macroeconomic growth. Does this mean that stimulating entrepreneurship in medium-income countries is bad policy? The least we can say is that stimulating entrepreneurship alone will be insufficient as it is likely to attract necessity entrepreneurs with low human capital levels who do not contribute to economic growth.The non-significant effect of entrepreneurship on economic growth in medium-income countries might point at a shortage of large firms in these countries. By exploitation of economies of scale and scope and by  (p. 91 )  adopting and diffusing technology devel oped elsewhere, large firms are important in transforming a developing economy into a developed economy (van Stel, Carree, and Thurik  2005). In these economies local workers are more productive working as wage employees than as entrepreneurs. Nevertheless stimulating growth-oriented entrepreneurship might be an additional element of transforming a developing economy into a developed one.Attracting investments by large (possibly foreign) firms, stimulating growth-oriented entrepreneurship, investing in labour and capital, and improving the institutional framework may be the recipe for growth here. On the one hand this is old news, in that it provides a plea for the traditional role of governments to invest in education and physical infrastructure, and to build and maintain a set of institutions that enable the development of the private sector (cf. Rosenberg and Birdzell  1986). On the other hand, the addition of growth-oriented entrepreneurship in development policy for medium- income and transition countries is a new element.One must be careful to target the right group of entrepreneurs though, i. e. governments should avoid that resources made available through government stimulation programmes are absorbed by necessity entrepreneurs with low human capital levels. 4. 5. 2  Industrial/cluster policy The focus of this chapter has been on the country-level, which disregards the sub-national level of analysis, and what is of particular relevance here, the level of regional clusters (regional concentrations of particular industries). These regional clusters have proved to be important drivers of economic development in, for example, Taiwan, India, and Brazil.These clusters are both driven by and drive growth-oriented entrepreneurship. Growth-oriented entrepreneurs that start to invest in a particular industry are needed in order to reach a critical mass that is needed to reach certain agglomeration economies (Braunerhjelm and Feldman  2006). If the build- up of capacity to this level of critical mass is not reached due to the lack of complementary investments, there might be a role to play for governments to overcome coordination failure, for example by providing investment guarantees for entrepreneurs (see Rodrik  2007).Such industrial policy is not about ‘picking winners’ or comprehensive planning, but encouraging experiments with new types of economic activity (Rodrik2007). Since it is impossible to judge winners and losers in advance, competent and growth-oriented entrepreneurs should be encouraged to try, success should be rewarded, and failure should not be coddled (Nelson and Pack  1999). These clusters do not have to be close to the technology frontier (as in advanced capitalist economies). The real policy implications arise from thinking carefully about the particular sources of advantage for a nascent cluster  (p. 2 )  and why that source might yield short-term complements with the potential to become l ong-term substitutes (Bresnahan, Gambardella, and Saxenian  2001). Cooperation of clusters in developing countries with existing richer economies is not ‘colonialist’. Take for example the linkages with the US. India and Taiwan are linked to the US (especially Silicon Valley) via outsourcing of software services and manufacturing (due to low labour costs), but also by a returning group of expatriates who have worked there, and who see the benefits of long distance collaboration (Saxenian  1999).There is a flow of people—the so-called Argonauts (Saxenian  2006)—and ideas back and forth between rich and emerging economies. Migrant workers tend to be among the most entrepreneurial in society. Governments of developing countries should not only look at these expatriate workers as a source of remittances. Given their entrepreneurialism, skills, and exposure to business in the developed world, as well as the desire of many of them to return home, they may be very important as a source of self-discovery in their country of origin (Rodrik  2007).In addition to developing the private sector, these return migrants may provide the new elite needed for building up a civil society. Only a fraction of the money spent on attracting FDI would be needed to target nationals abroad. This would attract more knowledgeable human capital and durable investments than most FDI will do. Once critical mass is reached within a regional cluster, it is likely to generate or attract growth-oriented entrepreneurs (e. g. Argonauts), who in turn stimulate further macroeconomic growth. 4. 5. 3  Limitations and further researchThe regression analyses in this chapter are of limited value: they have not only simplified the range6and (linear) effects of determinants for economic development, they have also dumbed down economic development to economic growth over a short-term (four-year) period. We know that sustaining growth is more difficult (and caused by diff erent factors) than igniting it (Rodrik  2007). This also connects to one of the other shortcomings: sustaining growth probably requires much more extensive institutional reform than can be properly taken into account in linear regression analyses.Next to better measures of institutions, future research should take into account samples with low-income countries and a larger number of medium-income and transition countries, and multiple years in order to achieve more robust empirical analyses. In addition, our data did not allow for testing the multiplicative effect of entrepreneurship, so we only analysed the additive effect. A larger number of cases would enable the inclusion of the more traditional indicators of capital and labour in the analyses, and allow for testing the multiplicative effect.